After digging through a a number of Moodle PHP files, I may have answered my own question. I still don't know where any of this is documented in a single document. Please post any corrections to what I have below.
Moodle Badges database field information
table mdl_badge
.type (information found in moodle/lib/badgeslib.php)
.status (information found in moodle/lib/badgeslib.php)
0 = BADGE_STATUS_INACTIVE, cannot be earned and has not been awarded
1 = BADGE_STATUS_ACTIVE, can be earned, but as not been awarded
2 = BADGE_STATUS_INACTIVE_LOCKED, can no longer be earned, but has been awarded in past
3 = BADGE_STATUS_ACTIVE_LOCKED, can be earned and has been awarded - no more changes possible
4 = BADGE_STATUS_ARCHIVED, considered deleted; is not displayed in list of badges
table mdl_badge_criteria
.criteriatype (information found in moodle/badges/criteria/award_criteria.php)
0 = overall - this seems to be a type created before any criteria have been added
1 = activity - course badge based on the completion of certain course activities
2 = manual - site or course badge configured to be awarded manually by roles
3 = social - I'm not certain what this is; I see nothing in the settings for this
4 = course - course badge for completing a course
5 = courseset - site badge for completing a set of courses
6 = profile - site badge for completing selected profile fields
.method (information found in moodle/badges/criteria/award_criteria.php)
0 = BADGE_CRITERIA_AGGREGATION_ANY
1 = BADGE_CRITERIA_AGGREGATION_ALL