Hi
I am taking a shot because your enquiry takes unusually long. Otherwise there are more knowledgeable people in these forums.
First thing is the terminology. Moodle has its own "reserved words". If you use them for other things, you'll go in circles. The one that appeared already is 'course'. Moodle uses it in the sense of
Courses. It is the basic building block of Moodle and hence you'll see it everywhere. I suspect what you call 'the course' is something different, it is what the (US?) people call a 'program'.
Your 'modules' are highly likely Moodle courses. So there is the set of common courses and the set of (US) state-specific courses.
Although that sounds clear, I have respect in opening 50 courses for the 50 states - unless you have a teacher per state and is willing to fill his course with unique content. If it is ultimately you who are going to create and maintain similar but differing 50 courses, that'll become a nightmare.
Initially, try to prototype all 50 states in a single course with
Groups of participants - to polish more consider
Groupings.
One question: Will this program have "forever" courses or will you (copy and) restart courses at regular intervals, like semester, bi-annually,..? Depending on that have a look at
Cohorts too.
Disclaimer: Written without asking any AI bot, not even a web search, only
Moodle Docs. I wonder why you didn't ask the (more intelligent) Articifial Intelligence.