Hi Becky
For a long-term solution one has to lean back and observe the underlying process. You've started with "make the final grades visible for students after a course ends in a specific location, such as in the grades overview". I imagine that is what we called the "report" in our British oriented schools. Pl. read, "A report card, or just report in British English – sometimes called a progress report or achievement report – communicates a student's performance academically. In most places, the report card is issued by the school to the student or the student's parents once to four times yearly."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report_card.
If it is the one you are looking for, the Moodle core doesn't have an equivalent. As Howard already mentioned the basic building block of the Moodle world is the
Course. Students earn marks during a course. So the
Grader report as Moodle calls it, belongs to the course. I know, I am arguing for the Moodle world, once you've lived there for some time, it all becomes logical. Specific to the grader report, it is very granular, I can have hundreds of graded
activities in a course, the teacher sees a magnificient matrix of ( students x grades ) within each course.
What you are looking for is an _aggregation_ of the final mark earned in each course, therefore a report card. Now you have to study the arsenal of tools in an around Moodle for that. Apart from the possibilities already mentioned the reporting branch of Moodle is a place to look. Do a web search on "report card moodle custom reports plug-in", for example. Or, I hear that the latest Moodle versions (4.3, 4.4) brought the reporting powers of Moodle to another level. So the others may add their findings. I move from LTS to LTS, still at 4.1 LTS, so uninformed.
Or, I know institutions where the end-of-term and end-of-study reports are handled by their student information system (SIS). When a (Moodle) course comes to an end, the teachers submit the marks to the SIS.
No point in arguing, "I have been to many countries in the world. The highway signs of all decent countries are green", if you are in Germany. Their highway signs are blue!