Try connecting from the Moodle server to the MariaDB database containing the externaldata table using the details you've specified in DB name, DB user and Password on the External Database settings page (admin/settings.php?section=authsettingdb). For example if DBname is extdb and DB user is dbuser use:
mysql -u dbuser -p extdb
then run:
SELECT t_password, t_firstname, t_surname, t_email FROM externaldata
WHERE t_username = '<mytestuser>'
changing <mytestuser> to a valid username. This should show whether the settings in Moodle can access the expected user details.
Also, what is Update local set to for each field under Data mapping? If it's On creation and the user was created before the data mapping was configured then the mapped fields will not be read from the external database subsequently. Try changing them to On every login.