I tried to replicate the problem, mohammadjavad, and had some "apparent" success. But in the end, Moodle was working correctly. Here is what I did.
I created a 10-minute timed quiz, with open attempts automatically closed. Then, I logged into a Windows 10 PC (like you), as a student, and began taking the quiz. The timer counted down. Then, I changed the time of the local computer clock. At first, the Moodle timer did show more time, but then would readjust back to the correct time. I did this about five times, and each time the same thing happened, meaning that the Moodle clock showed more time, but then after about 20 seconds, went back to the correct time. The 10-minutes expired. And here is the important thing... as the student and after the 10-minutes, I entered an answer into an essay question that was showing. Immediately Moodle closed the quiz. I check the attempt, and the quiz showed 10:28, meaning 28 more seconds. However, the quiz did not show the student's answer that was typed after 10 minutes! So, Moodle did the right thing. It did not allow any answers after 10 minutes. However, you were also correct, that adjusting the computer clock will appear (temporarily) to indicate more time, but then it fixes itself.
My guess is that this quiz time would be 10 minutes plus the amount of time when cron runs again.