It looks like you've successfully authenticated with AD FS but Moodle isn't getting any attributes returned. From memory you have to configure "claims" for different attributes in AD FS for the "relying party", i.e. your Moodle site. The attributes you'd normally want to transfer are the username (userPrinicipalName or UPN), first name (givenName), last name (surname) and email address (email). Have you configured these attributes in the claim in AD FS? Can you add a screenshot of the attributes in the claim rule so we can check?
There are some notes in the auth_saml2 plugin docs which may help. This problem looks a bit like issue 1 except that no attributes are returned. Any further debugging output you can include by following these docs will help troubleshoot the issue.