อภิธานศัพท์ประวัติศาสตร์โลกและภูมิศาสตร์

Religious practices such as baptism, and receiving the Eucharist.

Worthy of or regarded with religious worship, and/or respect.

The world

(1930) Passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.

In Hinduism, the term given to the endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.

Warrior class during Japan

Services including the collection and disposal of sewage and garbage.

The extinct language of ancient India. Spoken between fourteenth and fifth centuries BCE. Still used today in classic literature.

Man made objects that orbit the Earth or perform deep space probes. The perform a number of functions such as communications and weather.

The ritual suicide of a wife after her husband

Members of any of the ancient Scandinavian peoples. Vikings raided various parts of northwestern Europe from the 8th to 11th centuries CE. They were good sailors who invaded by sea in long ships, and often settled in the areas they invaded, as in Great Britain.

A person who posesses a great deal of knowledge, usually an academic who specializes in a particular subject area.

Uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe.

An offshoot of the Renaissance in which scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe. One of the main ideas to come out of the Scientific Revolution was the use of the Scientific Method. The Scientific Method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on how the universe works.

Term given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa.

An artist who creates three-dimensional works of art, usually in stone or clay.

Machine designed by Jethro Tull which mechanically planted seeds.

Refers to a number of distinct human rights. These include the right to equality under the law, the right to a nationality, the right to freely leave and return to a person's country of origin, the right to freedom from persecution because of race, religion, or gender, and a host of others.

Dynasty that controlled Turkey during the 11th and 12th centuries. The Seljuk disruption of European travel to the Holy Lands resulted in the Crusades.

A person that is a member of a legislative body called a Senate.

A tool in government described by Baron de Montesquieu which states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. This system would Check and Balance itself, which would help protect the people's liberty.

A soldier working for the British East India Company, recruited from the native population of India.

(1857-1859) A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. It began as a result of the rifle cartridges that were distributed to the Sepoys had to be bitten to remove a cover before being inserted into a gun. Rumors circulated among the Sepoys that this cover had been greased with beef and pork fat. This angered Muslim Sepoys who were not supposed to consume pork, and the Hindu Sepoys who were not supposed to eat beef. Thus, the Sepoys revolted against the British army, which eventually ended the conflict through use of force. This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony.

The act of suicide practiced by Japanese Samurai and Nobles during the feudal period. It was practiced to save one

Farmers who were tied to the land during European feudalism. They were not slaves because they could not be bought or sold, but they could not readily leave the manor either. Serfs were given land to farm in exchange for service to their lord. This service usually involved working the lord's fields, maintaining roads and the manor, and providing military service in times of war. Serfs paid taxes to their lord in the form of crops. This is also how the paid the fee to use the manor's mill or other services.

(1787?-1828) During Shaka

(1564-1616) English poet and playwright. He wrote 37 plays between 1590 and 1613. His plays reflect the ideas of individualism and the unconquerable human spirit, and most of them are still performed today.

Somebody who communicates with the spiritual realms on behalf of the living. Seen in many Animistic types of belief systems.

The Islamic book of laws which regulates all aspects of life including, moral behavior, family life, business dealings, and government.

Shinto, which means "Way of the Gods," is the traditional religion of Japan that focuses on nature. Many consider Shinto to be a form of Animism due to the many similarities found between them. Shinto teaches that there is a sacredness of the whole universe and that humans can be in tune with this sacredness. Every mountain, river, plant, animal, and all the diverse phenomena of heaven and earth have spirits, or kami, which inhabit them. Reverence is paid to the ancestors through the practice of ancestor worship.

Hindu god called the Destroyer. Shiva is the third member of the triad that includes Brahma the Creator and Vishnu the Preserver.

Military ruler of feudal Japan.

A belief system which blends Hindu traditions with Islamic monotheistic traditions. Based in India and Pakistan.

Trade route from China to the Middle East. Called the Silk Road due to China

Very fine grains of dirt deposited by a moving body of water.

(1894-1895) Japan

A Catholic church in Vatican City, Italy. Its ceiling was painted by the Renaissance artist Michelangelo.

(1967)War between Israel and Egypt, Syria, and Jordon where Israel defeated the three in six days, capturing territory from each.

A person forced to work for another with no payment or freedom to seek work elsewhere. A slave can be bought and sold.

The buying and selling of people for the purposes of slavery.

A system of forced labor.

Ethnic group of indo-European descent which includes Russians, Bulgarians, and Poles.

A highly contagious disease. Symptoms include high fever and scar-producing blisters. It can be fatal.

(1723-1790) British philosopher, writer, and economist. His book, The Wealth of Nations, describes his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

A group of people within a society who share the same social, political, and economic status.

Theory of Thomas Hobbes that states the people form a social contract with government where they give up all rights for protection from other citizens.

French philosopher Jean Jaques Rousseau's book in which he wrote that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people.

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background.

Rights such as freedom of expression, education

A political system where the means of production are controlled by the workers and all things are shared evenly. Socialist policies provide for government funding of many basic needs such as food, shelter, and medical care.

Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 to setup schools and serve as missionaries, spreading church teachings.

An independent Polish labor Union which fought against communism in Poland in the 1980s. Most notable for helping to end communism in Poland and throughout Eastern Europe.

One of the west African Trading Kingdoms. They were rich in gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert.

The right of a country to govern itself without interference.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Formed in 1922 from most of the former Russian Empire. The Soviet Union was controlled by the Communist Party headquarter in Moscow, Russia. The Soviet Union was a world superpower along with the United States, and was one of the two major antagonist during the Cold War.

Term given to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War to advance their space programs.

A reusable space vehicle built by the United States.

A large flotilla of ships sent by Philip II of Spain to attack England in 1588 because of the Reformation. The Armada was destroyed by poor weather and the English Navy.

(1898) A war between the United States and Spain over the control of Cuba. The United States won this war and gained independence for Cuba, and control of the Philippines.

An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.

A device used to make thread.

A device used to make thread by spinning fibers together through the use of a big wheel.

A book written by Baron de Montesquieu describing his theories on government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty.

Soviet satellite put into orbit around Earth in 1957. It was the first man made satellite put into orbit.

A situation where there are no clear winners.

(1879-1953) The General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party from 1922 until 1953. Known for his brutality in dealing with opponents and his failed policies of collectivism that caused widespread famine across the Soviet Union.

The process of dying due to lack of food.

(1929)The steep fall in the prices of stocks due to widespread financial panic. It was caused by stock brokers who called in the loans they had made to stock investors. This caused stock prices to fall, and many people lost their entire life savings as many financial institutions went bankrupt.

A person holding ownership of part of a company or business venture.

A Buddhist shrine or temple in India. This form of architecture made its way to China where it was altered slightly and renamed the pagoda.

Large area that is a separate part of a continent. The area encompassing India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are considered to be a subcontinent of Asia.

To serve under another person. Unequal.

A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today.

War between Israel and Egypt which resulted in Egypt losing control of the Sinai Peninsula.

The right to vote in elections.

(1494-1566) Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and considered to be their greatest ruler. Under his leadership, the Ottoman Empire reached its greatest height.

(1866-1925) Chinese nationalist leader who fought to end foreign domination. He formed the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, which overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and established a republican form of government in its place. Also known as Sun Yat-sen.

Term given to the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

The medical treatment of a body which involves cutting open to perform various manipulations.