However, if I try to use a VPL assignment on Moodle, I usually get a popup (attached).

I am indeed using a self-signed certificate, but the Moodle option Accept Self Signed Certificates is set to Yes, so it should not be a problem.
Very occasionally (about 1 in 10 attempts based on a small sample), it works, but nothing shows when I do
systemctl status vpl-jail-system
(so I wonder if it is sneakily using a different vpl jail).
Any idea what is going on?