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P

PENUMBRA

The SUNSPOT area that may surround the darker UMBRA or umbrae. It consists of linear bright and dark elements radial from the sunspot umbra.

PERSISTENCE

Continuation of existing conditions. When a physical parameter varies slowly, the best prediction is often persistence.

PHOTOSPHERE

The lowest layer of the solar atmosphere; corresponds to the solar surface viewed in WHITE LIGHT. SUNSPOTs and FACULAe are observed in the photosphere.

PLAGE

An extended emission feature of an ACTIVE REGION that exists from the emergence of the first magnetic flux until the widely scattered remnant magnetic fields merge with the background.

PLAGE CORRIDOR

A space in chromospheric (see CHROMOSPHERE) PLAGE lacking plage intensity, coinciding with polarity inversion line.

PLAGENIL

Spotless disc free of calcium plage

PLASMA

Any ionized gas, that is, any gas containing ions and electrons.

POLAR CAP ABSORPTION (PCA)

An anomalous condition of the polar IONOSPHERE whereby HF and VHF (3 - 300 MHz) radiowaves are absorbed, and LF and VLF (3 - 300 kHz) radiowaves are reflected at lower altitudes than normal. In practice, the absorption is inferred from the proton flux at energies greater than 10 MeV, so that PCAs and PROTON EVENTs are simultaneous. Transpolar radio paths may still be disturbed for days, up to weeks, following the end of a proton event.

POST-FLARE LOOPS

A LOOP PROMINENCE SYSTEM often seen after a major TWO-RIBBON FLARE, which bridges the ribbons.

PROMINENCE

A term identifying cloud-like features in the solar atmosphere. The features appear as bright structures in the CORONA above the solar LIMB and as dark FILAMENTs when seen projected against the solar DISK.

PROTON

Solar activity levels with at least on high energy event (Class X Flares)

PROTON EVENT

By definition, the measurement of at least 10 protons/sq.cm/sec/steradian at energies greater than 10 MeV.

PROTON FLARE

Any FLARE producing significant FLUXes of greater-than-10 MeV protons in the vicinity of the earth.