อภิธานศัพท์ประวัติศาสตร์โลกและภูมิศาสตร์

Jewish holy men charged with conducting religious services, ensuring that Jewish laws are observed, and serving as a spiritual guide for the community.

Discrimination or prejudice based on race.

The ninth month of the Muslim calendar. All Muslims must fast during daylight hours, except the very young or sick.

Hindu epic story about the hero Rama who was the incarnation of the god Vishnu.

(1872-1916) Russian peasant and self-proclaimed holy man. He was friends with the ruling Romanov family, and sometime advisor to Czarina Alexandra. His advice was on of the factors leading to the Russian Revolution.

Various materials found in nature used in manufacturing such as wood, coal, and oil.

To reject a belief or withdraw something previously said.

The re-conquest of Spain by the Christians after centuries of Islamic domination.

Militaristic group of students in China who brutalized anyone who criticized Mao

Nationalistic group/army created and led by Guiseppe Garibaldi to end foreign control of Italy during the 19th century.

The protest against perceived wrong doings by the Catholic Church during the early 16th century. Main leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin.

The rebirth of a soul into another body.

The passing of information through a series of runners.

Belief in a reverence for a supernatural power or

A rebirth of cultural and intellectual pursuits after the stagnation of the Middle Ages. This period in European history, from about the 14th through 16th centuries, features major cultural and artistic change.

Monetary compensation to correct something that was done wrong.

A system of government where the legislative, judicial, and executive powers are held by directly or indirectly elected officials.

A political system in which a country is ruled by law, has representative government, and is democratic in nature.

An asset that is beneficial to a country or people.

The respect or devotion that others show someone or something

a dramatic change in ideas, practice, or government.

(1853-1902) British statesman who was instrumental in assuring British dominance of southern Africa. He founded the De Beers Mining Company, eventually controlling 90% of the world

A social class system where there is no mobility. A person remains in the same class their entire life.

A moving body of water that usually has its source in an area of high ground.

The end of a river where rich deposits of silt build up. This is important to human habitation due to the excellent source of good farmland.

A valley that is carved out by the river. Often have fertile land, and are the sites for the earliest civilizations.

A branch of Christianity based in Rome. The original Christian church.

The territories ruled by ancient Rome which at one time encompassed most of the Mediterranean world and parts of France, England, and Germany. The empire lasted from 27 BCE to 395 CE.

A political policy of the United States by President Theodore Roosevelt that states only the United States could intervene in the affairs of South America.

(1712-1778) French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people.

A device used to steer a ship. It is usually shaped like a paddle and is on the back of the boat.

A policy in Russia to make all of the peoples under their control conform to Russian culture and language. It was used in both the Russian Empire and later, in the Soviet Union.

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.