อภิธานศัพท์ประวัติศาสตร์โลกและภูมิศาสตร์

An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand.

The cooperative relationship between two or more people who are involved in the same activity.

A company that sells shares to investors who share in the profits and losses.

A business that exchanges currencies, makes loans, and keeps the money of individual depositors.

A document purchased from a bank that allowed a person to travel without having to carry large amounts of money. Worked like a modern check.

Financial protection on property or people against loss, theft, or death.

The protest against perceived wrong doings by the Catholic Church during the early 16th century. Main leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin.

Letters of forgiveness for one's sins provided by the medieval Church, and one of the causes of the Reformation.

Document written by Martin Luther detailing what he believed to be the problems in the medieval Church.

Luther's action was in great part a response to the selling of indulgences by Johann Tetzel, a Dominican priest, commissioned by the Archbishop of Mainz and Pope Leo X. The purpose of this fundraising campaign was to finance the building of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Even though Luther's prince, Frederick the Wise, and the prince of the neighboring territory, Duke George of Saxony, forbade the sale in their lands, Luther's parishioners traveled to purchase them. When these people came to confession, they presented the indulgence, claiming they no longer had to repent of their sins, since the document forgave all their sins.

Traditionally, Luther posted the 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517.

To exclude a Christian from receiving the Sacraments.

The idea of Calvinist Protestants that certain people were pre-selected to go to heaven.

A person who spreads the teachings of a religion.

Geo-Political designation of the area stretching from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the western side of the Indian subcontinent. Consists of countries such as Israel, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.

Southern tip of the African continent.

(1469?-1524) Portuguese explorer who, in 1498, established an all water route to India

(1450?-1500) Portuguese explorer who, in 1488, was the first person to round the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.

Various materials found in nature used in manufacturing such as wood, coal, and oil.

A person forced to work for another with no payment or freedom to seek work elsewhere. A slave can be bought and sold.

The exchange of goods and other things, such as disease from the Old World (Europe) to the new World (North and South America) and back.

(1451-1506) Italian explorer working for Spain who, in 1492, crossed the Atlantic Ocean and discovered the Americas for Spain.