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วันพุธ, 24 เมษายน 2024, 4:51AM
เว็บไซต์: Moodle - Open-source learning platform | Moodle.org
รายวิชา: Moodle in Thailand (Moodle in Thailand)
อภิธานศัพท์: การพิมพ์เครื่องหมายทางคณิตศาสตร์
\

\_ (where _ is blank)

  • Ordinary whitespace to be used after a dot

\,

  • \,

\;

  • \; (backslash semicolon)

\:

  • \:

\/ (backslash slash)

  • \/

\~

  • In order to prevent some browser specific problems with whitespaces, it is advisable to use ~ (tilde) as the whitespace instead of the normal blank key (in places where whitespaces are mandatory, e.g. after commands).
  • Ex.: $$$\frac~xy$$$ to produce $$\frac~xy$$
  • Ex.: $$$\sqrt~n$$$ to produce $$\sqrt~n$$

\hspace{n}

  • inserts a space of n pixels
  • Ex.: $$$f(x)\hspace{6}=\hspace{6}0$$$ gives $$f(x)\hspace{6}=\hspace{6}0$$
  • can be combined with the preceding command \unitlength{m}(default: m=1px) , which defines the applied unit
  • Ex.: $$$\unitlength{20}a\hspace{2}b$$$ gives $$\unitlength{20}a\hspace{2}b$$ , i.e. a space of 20x2=40px

\LARGE (all capital letters)

  • Everthing following

\Large (L capital letter)

  • Everthing following

\large (all lower case letters)

  • Everthing following

\normalsize

  • Everthing following

\qquad

  • inserts a double space of current character set size
  • Ex.: $$$a\qquad~b$$$ gives $$a\qquad~b$$

\quad

  • inserts a space of current character set size
  • Ex.: $$$a\quad~b$$$ gives $$a\quad~b$$

\small

  • \small
  • Ex.: $$$\small~3x$$$ gives $$\small~3x$$

\tiny

  • Everthing following
A

absolute font sizes (overview)

Absolute Font Sizes
CommandExampleResult
\tiny$$$\tiny 3x$$$$$\tiny 3x$$
\small$$$\small 3x$$$$$\small 3x$$
\normalsize (default)$$$\normalsize 3x$$$ or just $$$3x$$$$$\normalsize 3x$$
\large$$$\large 3x$$$$$\large 3x$$
\Large$$$\Large 3x$$$$$\Large 3x$$
\LARGE$$$\LARGE 3x$$$$$\LARGE 3x$$

alpha (lower case greek letter)

$$$\alpha$$$ gives $$\alpha$$

angle bracket

  • Syntax: \left<...\right>
  • Ex.: $$$\left<f,g\right>$$$ gives

$$\left<f,g\right>$$

arithmetic operations

  • Type arithmetic operations and "="

array

  • Syntax for an n-dimensional array:
    \begin{array}a1&...&an\end{array}
  • Ex.: $$$\(\begin{array}a_{\fs{0}1}\fs{3},&a_{\fs{0}2}\fs{3},&a_{\fs{0}3}\end{array}\)$$$ gives

$$(\begin{array}a_{\fs{0}1}\fs{3},&a_{\fs{0}2}\fs{3},&a_{\fs{0}3}\end{array})$$

B

beta (lower case greek letter)

$$$\beta$$$ gives $$\beta$$

braces

  • Syntax: \left{...\right}
  • Ex.: $$$M=\left{a, b, c\right}$$$ gives

$$M=\left{a, b, c\right}$$

C

cdot (multiplication)

$$$a\cdot~b$$$ gives $$a\cdot~b$$

chi (lower case greek letter)

$$$\chi$$$ gives $$\chi$$

constants

  • Numbers in formulas are interpreted as constants and they are rendered

contour integral

  • General syntax for symbols with a kind of lower and upper limits:

\symbolname_{lowerexpression}^{upperexpression}

  • In general,

coproduct

  • General syntax for symbols with a kind of lower and upper limits:

\symbolname_{lowerexpression}^{upperexpression}

  • In general,
D

delimiters (overview)

Delimiters (parentheses, braces, brackets. ...)
CommandExampleResult

\left(... \right)

$$$2\left(a+b\right)$$$$$2~\left(a+b\right)$$
\left[... \right]$$$\left[a^2+b^2~\right]$$$$$\left[a^2+b^2~\right]$$
\left{... \right}$$$\left{x^2, x^3, x^4,... \right}$$$$$\left{x^2, x^3, x^4,... \right}$$
\left\langle... \right\rangle$$$\left\langle a,b~\right\rangle$$$$$\left\langle a,b~\right\rangle$$
\left| ... \right| $$$\det\left|\array{a&b\\c&d}\right| $$$$$\det\left|\array{a&b\\c&d}\right| $$
\left\| ... \right\| $$$\left\|f~\right\|$$$$$\left\|f~\right\|$$

\left{ ... \right.

(note the dot!)

$$$f(x)=\left{{x^2, \rm~if x>-1\atop~0, \rm~else}\right.$$$

(\rm switches to roman style)

$$f(x)=\left{{x^2, \rm~if x>-1\atop~0, \rm~else}\right.$$

\left.{ ... \right\}

(note the dot!)

$$$\left.{{\rm~term1\atop\rm~term2}\right}=y$$$$$\left.{{\rm~term1\atop \rm~term2}\right}=y$$

Note: The delimiters are automatically sizes.

Delta (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Delta$$$ gives $$\Delta$$

delta (lower case greek letter)

$$$\delta$$$ gives $$\delta $$

div (division)

$$$x\div~y$$$ gives $$x\div~y$$

double vertical line (norm symbol)

  • Syntax: \left\|...\right\|
  • Exp.: $$$\left\|af\right\| = \left|a\right|\left\|f\right\|$$$ gives

$$\left\|af\right\| = \left|a\right|\left\|f\right\|$$

E

epsilon (lower case greek letter)

$$$\epsilon$$$ gives $$\epsilon$$

escaping the TeX filter

  • With two triple $'s embracing an expression you can make the filter to escape and the code itself is shown (with two embracing double $'s).
  • Ex.: $$$$a^2$$$$ produces $$$a^2$$$, i.e. prevents the filter to render it as a formula gif.

eta (lower case greek letter)

$$$\eta$$$ gives $$\eta$$
F

formula box

$$$\fbox{x=\frac{1}{2}}$$$

fraction

  • Syntax: \frac{numerator}{denominator}
  • Use font sizing commands for
G

gamma (lower case greek letter)

$$$\gamma$$$ gives $$\gamma$$

Gamma (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Gamma$$$ gives $$\Gamma$$

greater than

$$$x>y$$$

greater than or equal

$$$x\ge~y$$$

greek letters (overview)

Simply write \greekletter for

I

infinity

$$$\infty$$$

integral

  • General syntax for symbols with a kind of

iota (lower case greek letter)

$$$\iota$$$ gives $$\iota$$
K

kappa

$$$\kappa$$$ gives $$\kappa$$
L

lambda (lower case greek letter)

$$$\lambda$$$ gives $$\lambda$$

Lambda (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Lambda$$$ gives $$\Lambda$$

Learning Formula

$$\frac{success}{problem}=~\unitlength{.6}~\picture(100){~~(50,50){\circle(99)}~ ~(20,55;50,0;2){+1$\hat\bullet}~~(50,40){\bullet}~~(50,35){\circle(50,25;34)}~ ~(50,35){\circle(50,45;34)}}$$

left only brace

  • Syntax: \left{...\right.

less than

$$$<$$$

less than or equal

$$$x\le~y$$$

M

math spaces

List of predefined spaces:

Math Spaces
CommandExampleResult
\, (smallest predefined)$$$a\,b$$$$$a\,b$$
\:

mathematics expression

  • A valid

matrix

  • An (m,n)-matrix is considered as an array of m*n elements, where the elements

minus plus

$$$\mp~a$$$ gives $$\mp~a$$

mu (lower case greek letter)

$$$\mu$$$ gives $$\mu$$

multiplication (with cdot)

$$$a\cdot~b$$$ gives $$a\cdot~b$$
N

not equal

$$$x\neq~y$$$

nu (lower case greek letter)

$$$\nu$$$ gives $$\nu$$
O

omega (lower case greek letter)

$$$\omega$$$ gives $$\omega$$

Omega (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Omega$$$ gives $$\Omega$$

omikron (lower case greek letter)

$$$o$$$ gives $$o$$

(note this exceptional syntax!)

P

parentheses

  • Syntax: \left(...\right) or \(...\)
  • Ex.: $$$2a\left(b+c\right)$$$ gives

$$2a\left(b+c\right)$$

phi (lower case greek letter)

$$$\phi$$$ gives $$\phi$$

Phi (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Phi$$$ gives $$\Phi$$

pi (lower case greek letter)

$$$\pi$$$ gives $$\pi$$

Pi (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Pi$$$ gives $$\Pi$$

plus minus

$$$a\pm~b$$$ gives $$a\pm~b$$

product

  • General syntax for symbols with a kind of lower and upper limits:

\symbolname_{lowerexpression}^{upperexpression}

  • In general,

psi (lower case greek letter)

$$$\psi$$$ gives $$\psi$$

Psi (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Psi$$$ gives $$\Psi$$
R

rho (lower case greek letter)

$$$\rho$$$ gives $$\rho$$

right only brace

  • Syntax: \left.{...\right}

root

  • Syntax: \sqrt[n]{arg} or simply
S

sigma (lower case greek letter)

$$$\sigma$$$ gives $$\sigma$$

Sigma (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Sigma$$$ gives $$\Sigma$$

smiley

$$$~\unitlength{.6}~\picture(100){~~(50,50){\circle(99)}~ ~(20,55;50,0;2){+1$\hat\bullet}~~(50,40){\bullet}~~(50,35){\circle(50,25;34)}~ ~(50,35){\circle(50,45;34)}}$$$

square bracket

  • Synatx: \left[...\right]
  • Ex.: $$$\left[a,b\right]$$$ gives $$\left[a,b\right]$$

square root

  • $$$\sqrt{a}$$$ or $$$\sqrt~a$$$

subscript

  • The command character "_" triggers subscription of the following expression(s).
  • For more than one subscripted character put them in braces {...}.
  • Use font sizing commands for appropriate sizing.
  • Ex.:$$$x_1$$$ gives

$$x_1$$

  • Ex.:$$$a_{m+2n}$$$ gives

$$a_{m+2n}$$

  • Ex. (with specific sizing):

sum (summation)

  • General syntax for symbols with a kind of lower and upper limits:

\symbolname_{lowerexpression}^{upperexpression}

  • In general,

superscript

  • The command character "^" triggers superscription of the following expression(s).
  • For more than one superscripted character put them in braces {...}.
  • Use font sizing commands for appropriate sizing.
  • Ex.: $$$x^2$$$ gives

$$x^2$$

  • Ex.: $$$a^{m+2n}$$$ gives

$$a^{m+2n}$$

  • Ex. (with specific sizing): $$$x^{\small2}=a^{\small{m+2n}}$$$ gives

$$x^{\small2}=a^{\small{m+2n}}$$

  • Combine superscripting with subscripting (command character "_").
    Syntax: Expr_{subExpr}^{supExpr}.
  • Ex.: $$$A_{\small{i,j,k}}^{\small{-n+2}}$$$ gives

$$A_{\small{i,j,k}}^{\small{-n+2}}$$

T

tau (lower case greek letter)

$$$\tau$$$ gives $$\tau$$

TeX

$$TeX$$

theta (lower case greek letter)

$$$\theta$$$ gives $$\theta$$

Theta (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Theta$$$ gives $$\Theta$$

times

$$$a\times~b$$$ gives $$a\times~b$$

triangle

$$$\triangle~abc$$$ gives $$\triangle~abc$$

triggering the TeX filter

  • Two double $'s embracing a valid math expression trigger the filter to generate and insert
U

upsilon (lower case greek letter)

$$$\upsilon$$$ gives $$\upsilon$$

Upsilon (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Upsilon$$$ gives $$\Upsilon$$
V

varepsilon (special lower case greek letter)

$$$\varepsilon$$$ gives $$\varepsilon$$

variables

  • Variables in formulas are rendered in italic roman font face, which is a widely used convention.
  • Following this convention, constants are shown

varphi (special lower case greek letter)

$$$\varphi$$$ gives $$\varphi$$

varpi (special lower case greek letter)

$$$\varpi$$$ gives $$\varpi$$

varrho (special lower case greek letter)

$$$\varrho$$$ gives $$\varrho$$

varsigma (special lower greek letter)

$$$\varsigma$$$ gives $$\varsigma$$

vartheta (special lower case greek letter)

$$$\vartheta$$$ gives $$\vartheta$$

vertical line (absolute value, determinant, ...etc. symbol)

  • Syntax: \left|...\right|
  • Ex.: $$$\left|b-a\right|$$$ gives
X

xi (lower case greek letter)

$$$\xi$$$ gives $$\xi$$

Xi (upper case greek letter)

$$$\Xi$$$ gives $$\Xi$$
Z

zeta (lower case greek letter)

$$$\zeta$$$ gives $$\zeta$$