I just upgraded too and have the same problem. Traced the problem to some third party modules we're using:
- Turned on debugging: Site admin block > Server > Debugging > switched Debug messages to all and ticked Display debug messages.
- Switched on editing in a course and checked the debug messages which appeared on screen.
- Noticed that the Book and Questionnaire modules were mentioned in the error messages.
- Switched off the Book and Questionnaire: Site admin block > Modules > Activities and closed the "eye" next to the offending modules.
- Switched off debugging
I think it may be a case of waiting for third party modules to be upgraded to work with 1.8.
Maybe there's an easier fix, but reading a couple of other posts, it appears the problem affects several non-core modules.