Thank you so much, Leon, your message was what I needed to find the issue. Somehow I had copied the $CFG->prefix from SiteGround's config.php. I had referenced their install of this file to find out the location of where they had put their moodledata. Obviously that prefix didn't match our database tables, making it unable to find what was needed.
We're up and running on the new server now! The owners are checking it out and admin will be soon as well.
We're up and running on the new server now! The owners are checking it out and admin will be soon as well.