Scheduler might be good for that alright.
For restricting it check out https://docs.moodle.org/36/en/Restrict_access_settings and https://docs.moodle.org/36/en/Using_restrict_access#An_example_of_a_Restriction_set. You could create a few restriction sets on your scheduler e.g.
Student must be in Group 'Year 3'
OR
Student must be in Group 'Year 2' AND Date is after January 15 2021
OR
Student must be in Group 'Year 1' AND Date is after January 30 2021
For restricting it check out https://docs.moodle.org/36/en/Restrict_access_settings and https://docs.moodle.org/36/en/Using_restrict_access#An_example_of_a_Restriction_set. You could create a few restriction sets on your scheduler e.g.
Student must be in Group 'Year 3'
OR
Student must be in Group 'Year 2' AND Date is after January 15 2021
OR
Student must be in Group 'Year 1' AND Date is after January 30 2021