I have a training program that I want users to have unlimited attempts to complete. I'd rather not have them able to retake the quiz portion immediately after failing.
Using SCORM 1.2 from Adobe Captivate 2017
sounds like an interesting idea - this is supported by the quiz activity in Moodle but not SCORM - You might be able to reformat your content to use Lesson/quiz and implement it without scorm?
If that's not an option it wouldn't be that hard to develop this as a new feature, so if you were able to fund the time to develop this might consider contracting a Moodle Partner to add the feature to Moodle for you. (and others could benefit from this too!)