So, this is not possible the way you describe however, with some Moodle Magic, you can achieve this.
Create 3 labels under the quiz
Set each label with self completion with grade at the level above and below the range you want
Hence only 1 label will show at once.
Each label should be a message saying congrats for achieving the score and instructions to click the complete icon to claim the badge.
Set the badge to be awarded based on completion of the label!
