thanks much - professor James
You can configure (in Moodle's config.php) the $CFG->dataroot to be where uploaded files go. Everything else is in the database. You also need to make sure you you set another config parameter, $CFG->cachedir, to point to fast storage or your site will be very slow.
You may want to Google 'Moodle on a USB stick'. I've never done it, but it strikes me that a lot of your issues will be similar.
If you run Disk Usage Analyzer, you will probably see that everything is taking a lot less space than you think, unless you have a bunch of videos included. If you are not using a lot of videos, then I would recommend putting everything on the eMMC because it is so much faster than the SD card. I have an Odroid XU4 and that's the way I have it set up.