Since you do have cli access you could do an ls -lR to see everything in there. Do know that the 'purge cache' links in moodle admin UI are supposed to work with those files in the cache.
an ls -1 shows:
cachestore_file
core_component.php
editor_tinymce
repository
on the site I used for example.
Your's might have some differences.
Most is found in cache/cachestore_file/default_application/
and contain the following:
availability_grade_items
availability_grade_scores
core_calendar_subscriptions
core_capabilities
core_completion
core_config
core_coursecattree
core_coursecontacts
core_coursemodinfo
core_databasemeta
core_eventinvalidation
core_externalbadges
core_groupdata
core_htmlpurifier
core_langmenu
core_observers
core_plugin_functions
core_plugin_manager
core_questiondata
core_string
core_yuimodules
mod_glossary_concepts
tool_monitor_eventsubscriptions
Not going to claim I know how the files contained therein actually work, but by looking at them from time to time in trouble shooting issues one can kinda figure out what they are related to:
Example:
/cache/cachestore_file/default_application/core_config/f5a-cache/ - which is one directory of many at that location has this file:
f5ab898cc28513f1f7efb04b87e02024c612e4ad.cache
which contains a one liner:
a:2:{s:8:"lastcron";s:10:"1480000202";s:7:"version";s:10:"2015111600";}
and in just looking at what ... last cron + the epoch time stamp + what looks to be a build/version variable I'll guess it has something to do with cron ... when it was last run, etc..
'spirit of sharing', Ken