Ask provider ... yes. At this point, safest. They shouldn't mind as their 'autoupdate' script apparently didn't work. :\
This question, however, remains .... the DB version requirement should have been there with the 3.1.2 code you had. Don't think I've ever seen Moodle change DB requirements within a series (like 3.1.x). Higher DB requirements usually occur when going upwards to the next version ... like from 3.1 to 3.2 - which is an upgrade not an update.
Might also be a good time to check all your plugins for compatibility and updates. Unfortunately Moodle doesn't provide a tool inside Moodle code to do that. Must use https://moodle.org/plugins/ and set the moodle version to that which you have at present (once restored by provider).
And, this should also be a learning experience ... always ... always ... make a full site backup consisting of code directory, database dump, and to be sure, the moodledata directory.
Also, before upgrading, check:
https://download.moodle.org/releases/latest/
https://download.moodle.org/releases/security/
The links above will show DB requirements.
'spirit of sharing', Ken