Answered my own question.
Within Users->Permissions->Define Roles, I added Archetype contexts for the role "Authenticated User" until system level users were finally able to see the course enrollment details on the enrollment page. From there I went to "User Policies" and was finally able to see and select "Authenticated User" in the defaultuserroleid drop down box (it was never there for me before). So obviously "None" was not normal.